1. httpd简介

httpd是Apache的超文本传输协议（HTTP）服务器的主程序。被设计为一个独立运行的后台进程，它会建立一个处理请求的子进程或线程的池。

通常，httpd的不应该被直接调用，而应该在类Unix的系统中由的apachectl调用，在Windows中作为服务运行。

2. httpd版本

本文主要介绍的httpd的两大版本，httpd-2.2和httpd-2.4。

CentOS6系列的版本默认提供的是的httpd-2.2版本的rpm包
CentOS7系列的版本默认提供的是的httpd-2.4版本的rpm包

2.1 httpd的特性

httpd的有很多特性，下面就分别来说说的httpd-2.2版本和的httpd-2.4版本各自的特性。

httpd-2.2的特性

事先创建进程
按需维持适当的进程
模块化设计，核心比较小，各种功能通过模块添加（包括PHP），支持运行时配置，支持单独编译模块
支持多种方式的虚拟主机配置，如基于ip的虚拟主机，基于端口的虚拟主机，基于域名的虚拟主机等
支持https协议（通过mod_ssl模块实现）
支持用户认证
支持基于IP或域名的ACL访问控制机制
支持每目录的访问控制（用户访问默认主页时不需要提供用户名和密码，但是用户访问某特定目录时需要提供用户名和密码）
支持URL重写
支持MPM（Multi Path Modules，多处理模块）。用于定义httpd的工作模型（单进程、单进程多线程、多进程、多进程单线程、多进程多线程）

httpd-2.4的新特性：

MPM支持运行DSO机制（Dynamic Share Object，模块的动态装/卸载机制），以模块形式按需加载
支持event MPM，eventMPM模块生产环境可用
支持异步读写
支持每个模块及每个目录分别使用各自的日志级别
每个请求相关的专业配置，使用来配置
增强版的表达式分析器
支持毫秒级的keepalive timeout
基于FQDN的虚拟主机不再需要NameVirtualHost指令
支持用户自定义变量
支持新的指令（AllowOverrideList）
降低对内存的消耗

工作模型	工作方式
prefork	多进程模型，预先生成进程，请求一个用一个进程响应,一个主进程负责生成Ñ个子进程，进程子也。称为工作进程,每个子进程处理一个用户请求，即使没有用户请求，也会预先生成多个空闲进程，随时等待请求到达，最大不会超过1024个
worker	基于线程工作，一个请求用一个线程响应（启动多个进程，每个进程生成多个线程）
event	基于事件的驱动，一个进程处理多个请求

2.2 httpd-2.4新增的模块

httpd-2.4在之前的版本基础上新增了几大模块，下面就几个常用的来介绍一下。

模块	功能
mod_proxy_fcgi	反向代理时支持的Apache服务器后端协议的模块
mod_ratelimit	提供速率限制功能的模块
mod_remoteip	基于ip的访问控制机制被改变，不再支持使用Order，Deny，Allow来做基于IP的访问控制

3. httpd基础

3.1 httpd自带的工具程序

工具	功能
htpasswd	basic认证基于文件实现时，用到的帐号密码生成工具
apachectl	httpd自带的服务控制脚本，支持start，stop，restart
apxs	由httpd-devel包提供的，扩展httpd使用第三方模块的工具
rotatelogs	日志滚动工具
suexec	访问某些有特殊权限配置的资源时，临时切换至指定用户运行的工具
ab	apache benchmark，httpd的压力测试工具

3.2 rpm包安装的httpd程序环境

文件/目录	对应的功能
/var/log/httpd/access.log	访问日志
/var/log/httpd/error_log	错误日志
/var/www/html/	站点文档目录
/usr/lib64/httpd/modules/	模块文件路径
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf	主配置文件
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/*.conf	模块配置文件
/etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf	辅助配置文件

mpm：以DSO机制提供，配置文件为/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf

3.3 web相关的命令

3.3.1 curl命令

curl是基于URL语法在命令行方式下工作的文件传输工具，它支持FTP，FTPS，HTTP，HTTPS，GOPHER，TELNET，DICT，FILE及LDAP等协议。

curl支持以下功能：

https认证
http的POST/PUT等方法
ftp上传
kerberos认证
http上传
代理服务器
cookies
用户名/密码认证
下载文件断点续传
socks5代理服务器
通过http代理服务器上传文件到ftp服务器

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//语法：curl [options] [URL ...]
//常用的options：
    -A/--user-agent <string>    //设置用户代理发送给服务器
    -basic              //使用Http基本认证
    --tcp-nodelay       //使用TCP_NODELAY选项
    -e/--referer <URL>      //来源网址
    --cacert <file>     //CA证书（SSL）
    --compressed        //要求返回时压缩的格式
    -H/--header <line>  //自定义请求首部信息传递给服务器
    -I/--head           //只显示响应报文首部信息
    --limit-rate <rate>     //设置传输速度
    -u/--user <user[:password]>     //设置服务器的用户和密码
    -0/--http1      //使用http 1.0版本，默认使用1.1版本。这个选项是数字0而不是字母o
    -o/--output     //把输出写到文件中
    -#/--progress-bar       //进度条显示当前的传送状态

3.3.2 httpd命令

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//语法：httpd [options]
//常用的options：
    -l      //查看静态编译的模块，列出核心中编译了哪些模块。 \
            //它不会列出使用LoadModule指令动态加载的模块
    -M      //输出一个已经启用的模块列表，包括静态编译在服务 \
            //器中的模块和作为DSO动态加载的模块
    -v      //显示httpd的版本，然后退出
    -V      //显示httpd和apr/apr-util的版本和编译参数，然后退出
    -X      //以调试模式运行httpd。仅启动一个工作进程，并且 \
            //服务器不与控制台脱离
    -t      //检查配置文件是否有语法错误

4.编译安装http-2.4

点这里,查看详细安装步骤,下面为源码安装脚本

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#!/bin/bash
##配置yum源：
echo "使用本脚本请使用root用户,并且要有耐心,等待5-10分钟即可安装完成,切勿CTRL+C终止"
yum -y install wget &> /dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
ls -l /etc/yum.repos.d/7centos_base.repo &>/dev/null
  if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
   echo "正在下载yum源"
   curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/7centos_base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo &>/dev/null
   sed -i 's/$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/7centos_base.repo   &>/dev/null
  else
   mv /etc/yum.repos.d/7centos_base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/7centos_base.repo_backup 
   echo "正在备份yum源并重新下载，请重新运行脚本"
   exit
  fi
fi

yum clean all &>/dev/null
echo "正在清除yum缓存,请等待"

echo "正在加载yum缓存,请等待"
yum makecache &>/dev/null
##下载wget
echo "正在下载wget,请等待 "
yum -y install wget  &>/dev/null

##准备make环境
echo "安装开发环境"
yum -y groups mark install "Development Tools" &>/dev/null
#安装make gcc gcc-c++ gzip bzip2 openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool
yum -y install make gcc gcc-c++ gzip bzip2 openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool &>/dev/null
echo "安装完成进行下一步"
##下载httpd源码包
mkdir /usr/local/src &> /dev/src
cd /usr/local/src
echo "下载源码包,请等待"
wget http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache//httpd/httpd-2.4.39.tar.bz2 &>/dev/null
wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2 &>/dev/null
wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 &>/dev/null
##解压源码包
tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2
tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
tar xf httpd-2.4.39.tar.bz2
echo "完成解压,进入/usr/local/src/apr-1.6.5"
##源码安装apr
cd /usr/local/src/apr-1.6.5
echo "正在编译安装apr,请稍等"
sed -i 's/$RM "$cfgfile"/#$RM "$cfgfile"/g' configure
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
echo "apr ./configure定制组件失败，请自行排错"
exit
fi
make &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
echo "apr make编译失败，请自行排错"
exit
fi
make install &> /dev/null
echo "安装完成并进入/usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1/"
##源码安装apr-util
cd /usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1/
echo "正在编译安装apr-util"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
echo "apr-util ./configure定制组件失败，请自行排错"
exit
fi
make &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
echo "apr-util make编译失败，请自行排错"
exit
fi
make install &>/dev/null
echo "安装完成并进入/usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.39/"
##源码安装httpd
cd /usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.39/
echo "正在编译安装httpd-2.4.39,请等待"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
echo "httpd ./configure定制组件失败，请自行排错"
exit
fi

make &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
echo "httpd make编译失败，请自行排错"
exit
fi

make install &>/dev/null
echo "源码编译成功，正在添加环境变量"

##添加man文档
echo "MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man" >> /etc/man_db.conf
man httpd &>/dev/null
if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
echo "man文档添加成功"
else
echo "man文档添加失败,如有需要，请自行添加"
exit
fi
##编辑httpd配置文件
sed -i '/ServerName www.example.com:80/aServerName localhost:80' /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
systemctl stop firewalld &> /dev/null
systemctl disable firewalld &> /dev/null

##添加环境变量
ln -s /usr/local/apache/bin/* /usr/bin/ &>/dev/null

echo  "安装完成"

5. httpd常用配置

切换使用MPM（编辑/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf文件）：

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LoadModule mpm_NAME_module modules/mod_mpm_NAME.so
NAME有三种，分别是：
    prefork
    event
    worker

访问控制法则：

法则	功能
Require all granted	允许所有主机访问
Require all deny	拒绝所有主机访问
Require ip IPADDR	授权指定来源地址的主机访问
Require not ip IPADDR	拒绝指定来源地址的主机访问
Require host HOSTNAME	授权指定来源主机名的主机访问
Require not host HOSTNAME	拒绝指定来源主机名的主机访问

IPADDR的类型

IP：192.168.1.1
Network/mask：192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
Network/Length：192.168.1.0/24
Net：192.168

HOSTNAME的类型

FQDN：特定主机的全名
DOMAIN：指定域内的所有主机

注意：httpd-2.4版本默认是拒绝所有主机访问的，所以安装以后必须做显示授权访问

示例：

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<Directory /var/www/html/www>
    <RequireAll>
        Require not ip 192.168.160.89
        Require all granted
    </RequireAll>
</Directory>

虚拟主机：虚拟主机有三类：

相同IP不同端口
不同IP相同端口
相同IP相同端口不同域名

ssl：

启用模块：编辑/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf文件，添加下面这行，如果已经有了但是注释了，则取消注释即可

LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so

实验

编译安装Httpd-2.4版本；
配置三种不同风格的虚拟主机：
相同IP不同端口；
不同IP相同端口；
相同IP相同端口不同域名
配置https

步骤

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//相同ip不同端口

//设置主机名
ServerAdmin [email protected]

#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
ServerName www.example.com:80  //此行如果有注释请取消

httpd-vhosts.conf  //这个文件可以查看编写虚拟主机格式示例
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# vim conf/httpd.conf
//设置监听端口
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80
Listen 8080 //与添加主机的端口号相同

//在文本最后添加主机配置

<VirtualHost 10.0.100.141:80>
    ServerName whs.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/whs"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_error_log"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_error_log"
    CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_access_log" combined
    <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/whs>
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 10.0.100.141:8080>
    ServerName wenhs.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_error_log"
    CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_access_log" combined
    <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs>
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# mkdir htdocs/whs
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# mkdir htdocs/wenhs
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# echo whs >htdocs/whs/index.html
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# echo wenhs >htdocs/wenhs/index.html
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# apachectl restart

验证:
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# curl http://13.112.100.143
whs
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# curl http://13.112.100.143:8080
wenhs

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不同ip相同端口
//设置主机名
ServerAdmin [email protected]

#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
ServerName www.example.com:80  //此行如果有注释请取消

httpd-vhosts.conf  //这个文件可以查看编写虚拟主机格式示例
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# vim conf/httpd.conf
//设置监听端口
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80

<VirtualHost 10.0.100.141:80>
    ServerName whs.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/whs"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_error_log"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_error_log"
    CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_access_log" combined
    <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/whs>
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 10.0.100.100:80>
    ServerName wenhs.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_error_log"
    CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_access_log" combined
    <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs>
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# ip addr add 10.0.100.100/24 dev eth0
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 0a:f5:fa:b7:e9:60 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.100.141/24 brd 10.0.100.255 scope global noprefixroute dynamic eth0
       valid_lft 3473sec preferred_lft 3473sec
    inet 10.0.100.100/24 scope global secondary eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::8f5:faff:feb7:e960/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# apachectl restart

公网IP就一个,所以只好用curl验证了

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//相同端口相同ip不同域名

//设置主机名
ServerAdmin [email protected]

#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
ServerName www.example.com:80  //此行如果有注释请取消

[root@server apache]# vim /etc/httpd24/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf //编写主机格式示例
[root@server apache]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//设置监听端口
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80

//在文本最后添加主机配置
<VirtualHost 10.0.100.141:80>
    ServerName whs.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/whs"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_error_log"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_error_log"
    CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/whs_access_log" combined
    <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/whs>
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 10.0.100.141:80>
    ServerName wenhs.example.com
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs"
    ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_error_log"
    CustomLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_access_log" combined
    <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs>
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
10.0.100.141 whs.example.com
10.0.100.141 wenhs.example.com

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配置https

[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# cd /etc/pki/CA/
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
..+++
..........................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 CA]# openssl rsa -in private/cakey.pem -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA0yVZHFUCKX+QRdAwD2tU
msTBiKYM1njY9Nq35GXVu6h2LFoz7a8E51NyyEGDKDrBKQ9qsnHFLxLejL5BKRRM
hCKNjguedCsPyig+skDGRJyJqqdCMTQPOvvRPd+8RzPkx6PbvPFqq2AcYgy19mhF
RJ+yBGatLB9fLe14NwaR85B2aNynMQHCG8Kqw+eLLdknaD0Bj4wT5mlbxAHH42Zp
NTYh56nYyL1dj19CclCTSXmiesXCb0P/r7NWPkm69q6c3V8Tk5IpVv5AsNTiyirq
3J2pWKHNclpXpnuVvyOZe/CaE138ifNS8iu+9UDgXW+lUd3KLVmgqf0ImFd+G3oQ
gQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365
...
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:HuBei 
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WuHan
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com
Email Address []:[email protected]
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 CA]# openssl x509 -text -in cacert.pem
.....
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 CA]# cd /usr/local/apache/conf/
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 conf]# mkdir ssl && cd ssl
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out httpd.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
.................................+++
............................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 ssl]# ls
httpd.key
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 ssl]# openssl req -new -key httpd.key -days 365 -out httpd.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
...
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:HuBei
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WuHan
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com
Email Address []:[email protected]

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 ssl]# ls
httpd.csr  httpd.key
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 ssl]# openssl ca -in httpd.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/httpd.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
....
Certificate is to be certified until Apr 20 07:44:24 2020 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y    


1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
 [root@ip-10-0-100-141 ssl]# cp /etc/pki/CA/httpd.crt .

配置httpd.conf文件
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# vim conf/httpd.conf  将以下内容取消注释
   LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
   
    Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
    Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf
在httpd-ssl.conf中配置证书的位置
[root@server ssl]# vim /etc/httpd24/extra/httpd-ssl.conf 

<VirtualHost 10.0.100.141:443>

#   General setup for the virtual host
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wenhs"
ServerName ec2-13-112-100-143.ap-northeast-1.compute.amazonaws.com:443
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ErrorLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_error_log"
TransferLog "/usr/local/apache/logs/wenhs_access_log"
...
SSLCertificateFile "/usr/local/apache/conf/ssl/httpd.crt"
SSLCertificateKeyFile "/usr/local/apache/conf/ssl/httpd.key"
...
填写证书的正确路径
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[root@ip-10-0-100-141 apache]# apachectl restart

验证：

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